UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

OIG OVERSIGHT OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE PROGRAM

Page last updated June 5, 2025

BACKGROUND

The OIG has remained committed to meeting the challenges created by the COVID-19 pandemic and to assisting the Department of Labor (DOL or Department) and Congress in improving the efficiency and integrity of the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program. Strengthening the UI program to prevent fraud before it occurs and to detect it when it does are key objectives to ensure that unemployed workers expeditiously receive much-needed benefits while safeguarding tax dollars directed toward that goal. Recovering improper payments creates challenges for all involved. Strengthening programs to prevent improper payments in the first place is critical for program integrity and good stewardship of taxpayer funding.

Unemployment insurance is generally administered by states with oversight from DOL’s Employment and Training Administration (ETA). The OIG is an independent agency within DOL that serves the American people, DOL, and Congress by providing objective oversight of Departmental programs, including the UI program.

OVERVIEW OF THE UI PROGRAM

Enacted more than 80 years ago, the UI Program is the Department's largest income-maintenance program. A joint federal-state program, unemployment insurance is the first economic line of defense against the collective impact of unemployment and acts as a safety-net for individuals who lose their jobs through no fault of their own. The UI program requires states to make benefit payments in a timely manner, providing needed assistance to unemployed workers while ensuring claimants meet eligibility requirements. It is equally important that the program has sufficient controls in place to quickly determine that benefits are or were paid to the right person in the correct amount. Each state workforce agency¹ (SWA or State):

• administers a separate UI program under its jurisdiction's laws, but follows uniform guidelines established by federal law;
• establishes requirements for eligibility, benefit amounts, and the length of time that benefits can be paid; and
• manages the personnel and system resources to administer its respective programs.

In normal circumstances, UI benefits are generally funded by state employer taxes with administrative costs funded by the federal government. Extensions and expansions of coverage and benefits, such as those provided by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act and subsequent legislation, are also normally funded by the federal government.

ETA is the federal agency responsible for providing program direction and oversight. The OIG conducts independent oversight of the UI program through audits to strengthen the integrity and efficiency of the program and through criminal investigations to detect and deter large-scale fraud. The OIG’s federal criminal investigations are time and resource-intensive and one of the last lines of defense in safeguarding the UI program from fraud.

OIG HISTORICAL CONCERNS REGARDING THE UI PROGRAM

The OIG has long reported significant concerns with the Department and state workforce agencies (SWA) ability to deploy UI program benefits expeditiously and efficiently while ensuring integrity and adequate oversight. We renewed this concern in March 2020 at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic as UI claims began to rise to historically unprecedented levels—far higher than state systems were designed to handle. In the more than 4 years since, our concern has grown as workers waited for UI benefits, improper payments soared, and our audit and investigative work found program weaknesses and related criminal activity has persisted throughout and after the federal emergency. We remain particularly concerned about deployment of UI benefits in response to emergencies, including natural disasters and economic downturns. Unless more is done now at the federal and state level to increase systemic integrity in the UI program, the program’s weaknesses will continue to negatively impact American taxpayers and workers both under current conditions and in the face of the next emergency.

Our April 2020 advisory report outlined areas of concern the Department and the states should consider as they implemented the CARES Act UI programs. Our identification of these areas represents years of work relating to DOL’s UI program, including the response to past disasters. One of these areas was state preparedness, specifically, the issues of staffing and system capabilities. Our audit work has confirmed these issues persisted into the pandemic. For example, many states had not developed or implemented UI IT modernization plans that improved the timeliness or accuracy of UI benefits processing.² Ensuring states have these plans in place—and are actively pursuing implementation—would be a strong step toward improving the administration of benefits, particularly during a future crisis.

Deploying Benefits Expeditiously and Efficiently

Rapid deployment of CARES Act funding was critical in helping workers in need. Staff at ETA and states struggled during the COVID-19 pandemic as SWAs worked to ensure timely and accurate UI benefits in a time of national emergency. Anticipating and addressing the increased risk that came with the expanded funding was also vital to meeting the intent of the CARES Act. As the OIG’s prior audit work has shown, attempts to quickly deploy funds can result in shortcomings in the effective and efficient implementation of stimulus programs. For example, a 2011 audit report found states took over a year to spend most of the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 (Recovery Act) funding available for emergency staffing, and at least 40 percent of funding for this purpose was unspent after 15 months.

In addition, a separate audit on the Recovery Act found $1.3 billion of the $7 billion that DOL provided to states for UI modernization, including information technology (IT) modernization, would likely not have been spent before the period of availability expired. To access these funds, states had to meet certain modernization criteria; once accessed, the funds could be spent for several purposes including to modernize IT systems. Of the funds spent from the $7 billion, states did not always take advantage of the opportunity to modernize their IT systems.

To implement the new UI programs authorized by the CARES Act, states needed sufficient staffing and system resources to manage the extraordinary increases in the number of claims and payments. Our pandemic audit work has confirmed that ETA and states continued to face challenges in these areas as they endeavored to implement the new temporary UI programs, including Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA), Pandemic Emergency Unemployment Compensation (PEUC), and Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation (FPUC).

Our subsequent reports found continuing programmatic weaknesses led to certain workers, unemployed through no fault of their own, suffering lengthy delays in receiving benefits. For example, states without modernized IT systems faced additional difficulty in promptly implementing the CARES Act programs.³ Further, for the PEUC program, we identified that it took 49 states, on average, 50 days to implement the program.⁴ However, states with modernized IT were able to implement the PEUC program 15 days faster. Similarly, modernized states implemented the PUA program 8 days faster.

Also from April 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021, only 5 of the 53 SWAs were able to timely pay benefits, including the FPUC supplement, to regular UI claimants.⁵ As a result, during the year following the passage of the CARES Act, more than six million Americans waited a month or more for pandemic-related UI benefits. Further, states are still challenged in paying claimants timely. For example, despite improvements in payment timeliness since the end of the pandemic⁶, only 24 percent of reporting states were paying regular UI claimants on time in June 2024, compared to 75 percent before the pandemic started.⁷

Additionally, we identified that states may have inadvertently applied a racial or sex bias when providing benefits to claimants and did not provide adequate protections for claimants’ personal data. Facial recognition can serve as an effective tool in preventing fraudulent payments. However, ETA and states need to implement proper oversight mechanisms. Specifically, to combat imposter claims, 45 percent of states hired identity verification service contractors that used facial recognition technology. In 2019, National Institute of Standards and Technology’s⁸ Information Technology Laboratory reported⁹ it found empirical evidence that the algorithms¹⁰ used in current facial recognition technology have a racial and sex bias. Furthermore, 15 of 24 (63 percent) of state contracts did not include privacy security measures recommended to protect UI claimants’ biometric data.¹¹

Further, we issued audit reports that advised ETA to establish methods to detect and recover improper payments, including fraud, and reported on the PUA program, which posed a significant risk to the UI system. PUA’s expanded coverage, for a population of claimants who were traditionally ineligible to receive UI benefits,¹² presented significant challenges to states. Further, we found the risk of improper payments including fraud was even higher under PUA because claimants could self-certify their eligibility for benefits.

Moreover, in an effort to expeditiously and efficiently provide UI benefits, states improperly paid billions of dollars. In May 2021, ETA provided guidance to states on the waiving of recovery of overpayments when the claimant was without fault and if the repayment would be contrary to equity and good conscience as allowable by the CARES Act . This guidance also outlined limited circumstances when the states could use blanket waivers in lieu of recovering overpayments.

In August 2023, we started assessing the effects of waivers, including blanket waivers, on the recovery of UI overpayments, including fraud. While DOL provided guidance stating recovery of fraudulent payments may not be waived, we remain concerned states may have unintentionally waived or will waive fraudulent payments. In December 2023, ETA issued guidance allowing states to apply their finality laws to pandemic-related UI programs. This guidance provides that states may defer to state law to limit the time period in which a state is required to reconsider a prior decision or determination made with regard to pandemic UI claims. Alongside overpayment waivers, allowing states to apply finality laws raises concerns about incentives for states to identify and recover improper payments. Furthermore, if states are not required to investigate cases beyond the finality period, fraud might go undetected and unprosecuted.

History of Improper Payments, including Fraud

For over 20 years, the OIG has reported on weaknesses in the Department’s ability to measure, report, and reduce improper payments in the UI program, which has experienced some of the highest improper payment rates across the federal government. For 17 of the last 20 years¹³, the reported estimated improper payment rate for the regular UI program has exceeded 10 percent¹⁴.

The UI program requires states to make weekly benefit payments while ensuring claimants meet eligibility requirements. A state may determine a payment is improper after a claimant receives benefits based on new information that was unavailable when the benefit payment was approved or as a result of the requirement that claimants be provided with due process prior to stopping payment of benefits.

Improper payments have largely resulted from a combination of four primary causes. First, some claimants fail to demonstrate that they meet their states’ requirements for searching for new jobs (work search¹⁵). Second, some claimants continue to claim UI benefits after returning to work or misreport earnings (benefit year earnings). Third, some employers, or their third-party administrators, fail to provide prompt and adequate information about why individuals left their employment (employee separation). Finally, some improper payments have been caused by fraud, such as those arising from schemes perpetrated during the pandemic.¹⁶

Our recommendations have specifically included the need for the Department to estimate improper payments within federally funded temporary emergency programs. In August 2020, we recommended ETA estimate the improper payment rate for pandemic-related UI programs. In December 2021, consistent with our recommendation, ETA reported an improper payment rate of 18.71 percent that it applied to two of the three key pandemic UI programs, PEUC and FPUC. Additionally, in December 2022, ETA reported an improper payment rate estimate of 21.52 percent, which it also applied to PEUC and FPUC.¹⁷

In congressional testimony in February 2023, we noted that more than $888 billion in total federal and state UI benefits were paid for benefit weeks during the UI pandemic period.¹⁸ Applying the estimated 21.52 percent improper payment rate to the approximate $888 billion in pandemic UI expenditures, at least $191 billion in pandemic UI payments could have been improperly paid, with a significant portion attributable to fraud.

The potential loss of $191 billion of taxpayer money highlights the urgent need for systemic improvements. For perspective, $191 billion could have provided more than $3.5 billion to each SWA toward ensuring preparedness for emergencies, including modernizing UI IT systems, enhancing staffing levels, and formulating robust contingency plans. To recover the improperly paid benefits and mitigate the impact of these losses, collaboration between ETA and the states is vital. These issues have persisted after the pandemic; the OIG is seeing, and ETA and states are still reporting, elevated levels of improper payments in the UI program.

Also, based on audit and investigative work, the improper payment rate for pandemic-related UI programs was likely higher than 21.52 percent. For example, ETA’s previously reported improper payment rate estimates have not included the PUA program. In August 2023, the Department reported that the PUA program had a total improper payment rate of 35.9 percent.¹⁹ According to ETA officials, the small-scale review used to calculate the improper payment rate estimate for PUA cannot be used to estimate the PUA fraud rate.

In the last 2 years, ETA estimated fraud rates of 8.57 percent and 7.73 percent, respectively.²⁰ Notably, neither of these rates included PUA. The fraud rate—which is a subset of the improper payment rate—for pandemic-related UI programs was likely higher than the fraud rate for regular UI programs. In fact, in the first 6 months after the CARES Act passed, we found 4 states paid $1 out of every $5 in PUA benefits to likely fraudsters. In 2023, GAO estimated the pandemic-related fraud rate, including PUA, was 11 to 15 percent for the period April 2020 to May 2023, and estimated up to $135 billion was lost to fraud.

We will continue to review and evaluate improper payment rate estimates. Although the improper payment rate for FY 2024 has been reduced to 14.41 percent²¹, this rate still exceeds pre-pandemic levels and fails to meet federal requirements. Furthermore, estimating the improper payment rate for all emergency UI programs is critical for the efficient operation of the program. ETA and the states, under their program operating responsibilities, must determine the improper payment rate, including the fraud rate, for pandemic UI programs.

A Perfect Storm

Following the start of the pandemic in the United States in early 2020, unemployment compensation claims rose exponentially to historically unprecedented levels. Immediately prior to the pandemic, numbers of UI claims were historically low. On March 14, 2020, the Department reported 282,000 initial unemployment claims. Within 2 to 3 weeks, initial unemployment claims rose to 10 times pre-pandemic levels, far higher than state systems were designed to handle.²² Within 5 months, through August 15, 2020, the Department reported more than 57 million initial claims, the largest increase since the Department began tracking UI data in 1967.

The CARES Act provided significant funding to the UI program, which resulted in hundreds of billions of dollars in additional payments. New UI programs under the CARES Act meant more workers qualified.²³ Further, unemployed workers received a supplemental payment for certain weeks in addition to their regular benefit amount and individuals who exhausted their regular unemployment benefits were provided additional weeks of unemployment compensation. Also, certain UI claims could be backdated to the beginning of the eligibility period. With the legislative extensions, claimants could receive up to 79 weeks of pandemic-related UI payments.

In June 2020, the Inspector General provided a member briefing and a statement for the record to Congress highlighting challenges DOL and states faced in administering and overseeing the UI program as well as the substantially increased fraud risk. The expanded coverage offered under the PUA program posed significant challenges to states as they implemented processes to determine initial and continued program eligibility for participants. The CARES Act initially allowed reliance solely on claimant self-certifications without documentation substantiating the individual’s prior employment or self-employment. This initial reliance during PUA’s first 9 months rendered the PUA program extremely susceptible to improper payments, including fraud. In March 2022 before the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs,²⁴ in February 2023 before the U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means,²⁵ and in March 2023 before the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability,²⁶ the Inspector General provided oral and written testimony that spoke to the continuation of many of these concerns and challenges.

During his March 2022 and March 2023 congressional testimonies, Inspector General Larry D. Turner reported that the unprecedented infusion of federal funds into the UI program combined with continuing program weaknesses and easily attainable stolen PII provided a high-value target for fraudsters to exploit. Because some states were not prepared to process the extraordinary volume of new UI claims and struggled to implement the new programs, some controls were not initially implemented.

For example, an individual could make a fraudulent claim with relatively low risk of being caught and, as time went on, one fraudster could have been issued several UI debit cards, with tens of thousands of dollars on each card. In fact, in a later audit, we found 1 claim that was filed from a 3 bedroom house shared the same physical address as 90 other claims and used the same email address as 145 other claims.²⁷ In total, the likely fraudster(s) received more than $1.5 million in unemployment benefits. In the same audit, we found that, from March 28, 2020, to September 30, 2020, in 4 states, potentially fraudulent claims were paid more than 60 percent of the time.

As previously mentioned, PUA had control weaknesses that may have facilitated comparable or greater improper payments. During the program’s first 9 months, PUA claimants did not have to provide evidence of earnings and states relied on claimant self certifications of eligibility. We found the inclusion of self-certification allowed states to streamline the payment process and deliver assistance to those in need. However, it also rendered the program particularly susceptible to improper payments, including fraud.

Subsequent to our work identifying the fraud risks, Congress took action under the Continued Assistance for Unemployed Workers Act of 2020 to require supporting documentation from claimants to improve states’ abilities to ensure proper claimant eligibility and to mitigate fraud. However, a significant amount of UI benefits had already been paid to likely fraudsters.

For instance, despite ETA providing states guidance on areas of improper payments as early as May 2020, control issues occurred in some states with the PUA forms that claimants used to certify their continuing eligibility for UI benefits. ETA notified one state in June 2020 that its form did not include the required questions confirming that claimants are able and available to work. However, by then, that state had paid more than $4 billion in PUA benefits, including FPUC. Similarly, in July 2020, ETA notified another state that its PUA monetary determination form did not have a procedure in place for re-determining the claimant’s weekly benefit if the claimant did not provide proof of earnings or provided insufficient proof. That state responded that the problem would be addressed by the end of August 2020. However, by the end of August, that state had paid more than $25 billion in PUA benefits, including FPUC.

When the OIG identifies anti-fraud measures that may help the program, we share them with the Department and SWAs as appropriate. For example, we have published four alert memoranda²⁸ on specific high-risk areas. Our investigators, auditors, and data scientists have collaboratively identified²⁹ nearly $47 billion in potentially fraudulent UI benefits paid from March 2020 to April 2022 in the now six specific high risk areas, involving claims with Social Security numbers:

1. filed in multiple states,
2. of deceased persons,
3. of federal prisoners,
4. used to file for UI claims with suspicious email accounts,
5. belonging to individuals under 14 years of age, and
6. belonging to individuals 100 years of age or older (see Table 1).

High-Risk Area	Total Number of Claimants*	Total Potential Fraud Identified
Multistate Claimants	2,011,191	$28,967,047,154
Deceased Persons	205,494	$139,483,136
Federal Prisoners**	46,985	$267,382,013
Suspicious Emails	2,281,136	$16,265,578,304
Under Age 14	45,594	$1,225,663,851
Age 100 or Older	4,895	$66,541,872
Total***	4,595,295	$46,931,696,330

For the first four high-risk areas, we have shared our methodology and underlying data with DOL for further dissemination to the SWAs and are working to share data supporting the additional high-risk areas. We recommended states establish effective controls to mitigate fraud and other improper payments to ineligible claimants and are examining whether states took effective measures to address the initial four high-risk areas.

OIG PANDEMIC INVESTIGATIVE WORK

The volume of UI investigative matters is unprecedented in the OIG's history. Prior to the pandemic, the OIG opened approximately 100 UI investigative matters annually. Since April 1, 2020, the OIG has opened over 209,000 investigative matters involving the UI program. That is a thousandfold increase in the volume of UI work. UI investigations now account for approximately 96 percent of the OIG investigative case inventory, compared to approximately 11 percent prior to the pandemic.

In response to the extraordinary increase in oversight demands, the OIG: hired additional criminal investigators, increased the caseload of investigators already onboard, deployed staff to review DOL and SWA’s efforts, and strengthened our data analytics program. In addition, we took several other actions to augment our efforts, including the following:

• initiated the development of a National UI Fraud Task Force, alongside the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ);
• collaborated with DOJ on the strategic assignment of 12 term-appointed assistant United States attorneys assigned solely to prosecute UI fraud;
• established a multi-disciplinary Pandemic Rapid Response Team within the OIG;
• appointed a National UI Fraud Coordinator to manage our national investigative response to UI fraud;
• appointed seven Regional UI Fraud Coordinators to partner with SWAs and federal, state, and local law enforcement on UI fraud matters in their geographic areas of responsibility;
• appointed a group of criminal investigators to work with public and private stakeholders to identify and recover proceeds of fraudulent pandemic UI claims being held by financial institutions;
• leveraged resources from the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency, Pandemic Response Accountability Committee (PRAC) to generate 200 high-impact pandemic fraud leads that were sent to the field for criminal investigation;
• collaborated with state auditors to help develop their audit strategies for the CARES Act UI programs;
• served as an integral member of the DOJ’s COVID-19 Fraud Enforcement Task Force and a leader in several of its subcommittees;
• implemented an extensive outreach and education program targeted to SWAs, the Department, financial institutions and their associations, law enforcement agencies, and the public. The program raised awareness regarding fraud trends, best practices, red flags, and more³⁰;
• joined the DOJ’s Pandemic Fraud Strike Force Teams initiative in six judicial districts; and engaged with law enforcement partners and agencies to raise the profile of U.S. Pandemic-related UI fraud oversees and establish ongoing collaboration.
• engaged with foreign law enforcement partners and agencies to raise awareness of American pandemic-related UI fraud issues and establish ongoing collaboration.

As the primary federal law enforcement agency responsible for providing oversight of the UI program, the OIG has vigorously pursued pandemic-related UI fraud. In fact, in September 2022, the OIG announced that its investigations have resulted in more than 1,000 individuals being charged with crimes involving UI fraud since March 2020. Since then, that number has risen.³¹

As of January 2025, our unemployment insurance investigations have resulted in upwards of 1,050 search warrants executed and more than 2,075 individuals charged with crimes related to UI fraud. These charges resulted in more than: 1,550 convictions; 39,000 months of incarceration; and over $1.1 billion in investigative monetary results. We have also referred over 45,000 fraud matters that do not meet federal prosecution guidelines back to the states for further action.

In a recent OIG investigation, a defendant was sentenced to 168 months in prison for leading a group involved in producing counterfeit oxycodone pills mixed with fentanyl and using stolen PII to file fraudulent unemployment insurance claims, resulting in over $250,000 in illegal gains. The individual pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute fentanyl and cocaine, as well as aggravated identity theft. The group operated a pill pressing operation in Maryland and Washington, D.C., using stolen identities to rent properties for drug manufacturing. They also used stolen PII to apply for unemployment insurance benefits, sending pre-loaded debit cards to associates and withdrawing funds. The individual was arrested in October 2022 after evading capture following a high-speed car chase. This investigation also resulted in the incarceration of four co-defendants with sentences ranging from 12 to 72 months.

In another OIG investigation, the primary defendant in the case, a former federal employee, was sentenced to 192 months of federal incarceration for her role in a mail/wire fraud conspiracy, plus an additional 24 months of incarceration for aggravated identity theft. The defendant was convicted for her role in a conspiracy to defraud at least 5 SWAs of more than $3.5 million in pandemic-related UI benefits. To obtain these UI benefits, the defendant and others filed false and misleading applications in the names of identity theft victims, co-conspirators, and inmates of state and federal prisons. Among other information, the defendant and her co-conspirators included in these applications materially false wage and employment histories and contact information that did not, in fact, belong to the purported applicants. The defendant was ordered by the court to pay more than $2 million in restitution, jointly and severally with 3 other convicted co-defendants. The court also ordered forfeiture in the amount of over $1.6 million, which represents the specific amount of fraudulent UI benefits directly attributable to the defendant, for which she is solely liable.

In another OIG investigation, a defendant was sentenced to 92 months of federal incarceration for his role in a scheme involving the possession of 15 or more access devices³² and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Additionally, he was sentenced to 24 more months of consecutive incarceration for aggravated identity theft. The investigation revealed that the defendant possessed the identities of approximately 72 identity theft victims and he used those identities to apply for UI benefits in 25 states. The court also ordered the defendant to pay restitution in the amount of $491,074 to 15 SWAs.

Working with Domestic and International Law Enforcement Partners

Early in the pandemic, the OIG worked with the DOJ to create the National UI Fraud Task Force, a nine-agency federal task force focused on law enforcement intelligence sharing, deconfliction, joint national and regional messaging, and the effective use of investigative and prosecutorial resources. The National UI Fraud Task Force has also worked closely with partners at the International Organized Crime Intelligence and Operations Center (IOC-2) to develop a deconfliction process to coordinate investigative information across federal law enforcement agencies.

Through data analytics and a leads generation process, the National UI Fraud Task Force and IOC-2 partner agencies have identified significant fraud committed against the UI program by domestic and international criminal organizations. Many of these include street-level criminal organizations with ties to illegal guns and drugs. These investigations are ongoing and actively being investigated through the National UI Fraud Task Force, the COVID-19 Fraud Enforcement Task Force, and the COVID-19 Strike Force team Teams initiative.

The OIG has been very engaged on DOJ’s COVID-19 Fraud Enforcement Task Force. We have representation on its subcommittees involving communications, forfeiture, corporations and large business fraud, and data, and we co-chair the task force’s Criminal Enterprise Subcommittee.

The OIG has also participated in other initiatives. For example, since 2020, the OIG supported DOJ’s annual Money Mule Initiative, which aimed to raise awareness about and suppress money mule activity. Money mules are people who, at someone else's direction, receive and move money obtained from victims of fraud. The OIG conducted extensive internal and external outreach regarding money mules and identified and targeted money mules in coordination with DOJ and other partner agencies.

In addition, the OIG issued alerts to financial institutions about UI fraud both on its own and jointly with its partners, such as the U.S. Secret Service (Secret Service), Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, and the National UI Fraud Task Force. One such joint OIG/Secret Service alert served as a framework for the recovery of millions of dollars of fraudulent UI funds being held by financial institutions. Later, in 2021, the OIG authored a National UI Fraud Task Force alert issued through Financial Crimes Enforcement Network to financial institutions requesting they identify funds they froze due to suspicion of fraud. The OIG created a process with DOJ and the Secret Service to collect that data and work with those financial institutions to return fraudulent funds to SWAs. The OIG and its law enforcement partners are working with hundreds of financial institutions in response to our request.

The OIG has also conducted extensive engagement with foreign law enforcement partners, including the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation,³³ International Criminal Police Organization,³⁴ and other national law enforcement agencies. These efforts focused on introducing foreign partners to the OIG’s mission, briefing partners on pandemic fraud trends, and collaborating to examine the movement of pandemic-related UI funds transnationally.

The PRAC has also played a pivotal role in amplifying the ability of OIGs to share information and conduct internal and external outreach to stakeholders that have been impacted by pandemic fraud. For example, the OIG worked with the PRAC on social media tool kits related to money mule activity and erroneous 1099-G forms that were issued to victims of UI fraud. The OIG has also worked with the PRAC, DOJ, and the Secret Service to create a web-based survey where financial institutions can more broadly report UI and other types of pandemic fraud. This information is being collected by the PRAC, analyzed by its partners, and, if appropriate, sent to field personnel for further action.

The OIG, through its membership in IOC-2, has also been engaged with several allied national police agencies to strategize about pandemic-related fraud and how to best establish practices to share information. The issue of pandemic fraud has not only been an issue for the United States, but it has also negatively impacted our foreign partners’ pandemic programs. We have conducted outreach and education related to pandemic fraud, including UI fraud, with our Five Eyes partner countries as participants on the International Public Sector Fraud Forum.³⁵ The OIG, IOC-2, and our federal law enforcement partners have identified numerous instances of international organized criminal groups engaged in UI fraud. We will continue to work with our domestic and international law enforcement partners on these matters.

OIG PANDEMIC OVERSIGHT WORK

In April 2020, shortly after CARES Act enactment, we published our Pandemic Response Oversight Plan detailing how the OIG would conduct its pandemic oversight, with a significant focus on the UI program. We designed our four-phased plan to provide recommendations to DOL to address current and emerging vulnerabilities with the pandemic response and to prevent similar vulnerabilities from hampering preparedness for future emergencies. (see Figure 1) Since the initial release of our Pandemic Response Oversight Plan, we have published two plan updates and one revision.

Figure 1: The OIG's Four-Phased Design for Pandemic Oversight

During Phases 1 and 2, we reviewed on DOL’s plans, guidance, and initial implementation, highlighting significant vulnerabilities. During Phase 3, which is ongoing, but with less resources than originally envisioned due to lack of sufficient funding, we are examining key and emerging issues. Our Phase 4 work plans include reporting on lessons learned for UI, worker safety and health, and employment training and recovery from the overall toll on workers since COVID-19 first appeared in the United States.

At the start of the pandemic, we examined past audits including those related to the Recovery Act and the Disaster Unemployment Assistance program,³⁶ and we assessed comparable lessons learned. As a result, in April 2020, we issued the previously noted advisory report identifying six initial areas of concern for ETA and the states to consider while implementing CARES Act UI provisions: (1) state preparedness, specifically the issues of staffing and systems capabilities, (2) initial eligibility determination, (3) benefit amount, (4) return to work, (5) improper payment detection and recovery, and (6) program monitoring.

Our identification of these areas represents years of work relating to DOL’s UI program, including the use of prior stimulus funds and response to past disasters. The advisory report outlined years of weaknesses and recommendations identified by the OIG to strengthen the UI program. Many of the weaknesses previously identified became once again apparent during the pandemic. DOL and states must apply lessons learned to correct additional weaknesses identified prior to the next disaster. We have issued several subsequent reports, including alert memoranda addressing urgent concerns, involving the UI program, such as the following:

• In May 2020, we issued an alert memorandum describing our concerns regarding claimant self-certification in the PUA program. In our view, reliance on such self-certifications rendered the PUA program highly vulnerable to improper payments, including fraud. Subsequent to our work, Congress took action to require supporting documentation to improve states’ abilities to ensure proper claimant eligibility and to mitigate fraud through the Continued Assistance for Unemployed Workers Act of 2020.
• In August 2020, we reported states did not use existing tools effectively to combat fraud and other improper payments. We also stated ETA should work with the OIG to obtain access to state claimant data that could be used to identify and disrupt fraudulent schemes that threaten the integrity of UI programs, including those under the CARES Act.
• In May 2021, we reported that DOL and states struggled to implement the three pandemic UI programs that posed the greatest risk for fraud, waste, and abuse: PUA, PEUC, and FPUC. Specifically, DOL’s guidance and oversight did not ensure states: implemented the programs and paid benefits promptly, performed required and recommended improper payment detection and recovery activities, or reported accurate and complete program activities. This occurred primarily because states’ IT systems were not modernized, staffing resources were insufficient to manage the increased number of new claims, and, according to state officials, ETA’s guidance was untimely and unclear.
• In November 2021, we issued the Department a qualified opinion, for the first time in 25 years, on its consolidated financial statements and reported one material weakness related to pandemic-related UI funding. There were two primary causes for this issue: (1) the Department being unable to support $47 billion it estimated for UI claims in appeal or unprocessed as of September 30, 2021, and (2) unreliable reporting of $4.4 billion in UI benefit overpayments due to certain states’ non-reporting of UI overpayment activity.
• In July 2022, we reported that the Department did not meet the requirements for compliance with the Payment Integrity Information Act (PIIA) for FY 2021. PIIA requires federal agencies to identify programs susceptible to significant improper payments, estimate the improper payments for those programs, and report on actions to reduce the improper payments in those programs. While DOL met three of the six compliance requirements for UI programs, we found DOL did not meet the other three requirements: it did not publish all improper payment estimates, did not demonstrate improvement from the improper target rate published in FY 2020, and did not report an improper payment rate of less than 10 percent.
• In August 2022, we issued an alert memorandum about deficient reporting by states regarding the CARES Act UI program. Our examination of required reports identified that some states did not submit reports to ETA or reported zero activity. For instance, seven states reported zero overpayments for the PUA program. This lack of accurate state performance information hinders Congress and ETA’s ability to: assess state activities, mitigate overpayment risks, identify program weaknesses, and improve future temporary programs.
• In September 2022, we reported ETA and states did not protect pandemic-related UI funds from historic levels of improper payments, including fraud, nor from payment delays. We attributed this to four causes: lack of eligibility testing, untimely oversight, PUA self-certification, and the 3-month suspension of a primary oversight tool. Additionally, DOL’s interpretation of its regulations on data access hindered the OIG’s timely and complete access to UI claims data to assist in detecting and deterring fraud. We estimated that, in the initial 6 months after the CARES Act passed, 4 states paid $30.4 billion in PUA and FPUC benefits improperly, including $9.9 billion paid to likely fraudsters. Further, based on our analysis of ETA’s timeliness reports, at least 6.2 million American workers nationwide waiting a month or more for pandemic-related UI benefits during the year after the CARES Act passed.
• In December 2022, for the second straight year, we issued the Department a qualified opinion on its consolidated financial statements and report one material weakness related to pandemic-related UI funding. There were two primary causes for this issue: (1) the Department was unable to support $7.9 billion it estimated in remaining pandemic-related UI claims in appeal or unprocessed as of September 30, 2022, and (2) the Department was unable to support the $3.5 billion it estimated in remaining pandemic-related UI benefit overpayment receivables.
• In March 2023, we issued an alert memorandum about urgent concerns in the UI program, including concerns related to the use of facial recognition technology. Resulting from the economic impact of the pandemic, UI programs have become a target for fraud with significant numbers of imposter claims being filed with stolen or synthetic³⁷ identities. Approximately 45 percent of states hired identity verification service contractors that used facial recognition technology. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has reported that it found empirical evidence the algorithms used in current facial recognition technology have a racial and sex bias. Furthermore, some states did not implement necessary privacy security measures recommended to protect UI claimants’ biometric data. Less than a month after we issued our report, ETA provided additional guidance to states regarding biometrics and facial recognition.
• In June 2023, we reported that, again, DOL did not meet the requirements for compliance with PIIA for FY 2022. While DOL met four of the six compliance requirements for UI excluding PUA, it did not meet the other two: it did not demonstrate improvement from the improper payment rate published in FY 2021 and it did not report an improper payment rate of less than 10 percent. For PUA, we reported DOL did not meet four of the six compliance requirements for the PUA program: it did not publish improper payment estimates, programmatic corrective action plans, reduction targets, and an improper payment rate.
• In July 2023, we found ETA did not provide adequate oversight of the emergency UI administrative grants. Specifically, ETA did not verify if states were qualified for the grants before transferring all grant funds to the states’ accounts. In our review of 14 states, we found ETA qualified these states to receive more than $136 million in emergency administrative grant funds. Additionally, we found ETA could not provide reasonable assurance that states used the emergency administrative grants to administer UI programs. These funds were monitored through single audits that did not disclose how states used the funds.
• In July 2023, we released a memorandum detailing our collaboration with the PRAC to evaluate the federal government’s COVID-19 response in six local communities: Springfield, Massachusetts; Coeur d’Alene, Idaho; Marion County, Georgia; Sheridan County, Nebraska; White Earth Reservation in Minnesota; and Jicarilla Apache Reservation in New Mexico. Our assessment centered on DOL’s expanded UI benefits for pandemic-affected workers. From March 27, 2020, to September 6, 2021, the OIG found that over 33,400 beneficiaries in these areas collectively received more than $516 million.
• In September 2023, we issued a memorandum reporting on three key matters related to the National Association of State Workforce Agencies (NASWA) resulting from our audit of ETA’s oversight of UI integrity for three key CARES Act programs. We found ETA needs to improve its oversight of the Integrity Data Hub (IDH). ETA did not ensure an initial assessment of NASWA’s IDH was performed in compliance with federal requirements, nor did ETA provide documentation it evaluated NASWA’s security assessment reports. Further, we found the IDH was less effective at identifying potentially improper multistate claims when compared to the OIG’s data.
• As of September 2023, we have issued four alert memoranda that identified a cumulative total of $46.9 billion in potentially fraudulent UI benefits paid from March 2020 through April 2022 in the previously mentioned six specific high-risk areas.
• In September 2023, we reported that the Emergency Unemployment Relief for Government Entities and Non-Profit Organizations (EURGENO) program should have been better managed. EURGENO was designed to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on employers that reimburse the states for eligible UI benefits paid (reimbursing employers). However, reimbursing employers experienced delays in receiving pandemic relief, waiting anywhere from a month to more than a year. Additionally, states received funding for ineligible weeks and amounts that were later determined to be ineligible. Consequently, these states owe millions to the federal government, including approximately $29 million in questioned costs across the 6 states we tested.
• In September 2023, we reported that PUA for non-traditional claimants was weakened by billions in overpayments, including fraud. From April 1, 2020, to March 31, 2023, the 53 SWAs reported nearly $35 billion in established PUA overpayments—benefit payments that SWAs investigated and found were improper. In total, states reported that over 15 percent of all PUA benefits paid were overpayments and approximately 61 percent of all FPUC overpayments occurred when PUA was the underlying benefit. The significant overpayments in the PUA program, including fraud, were caused by a combination of allowing claimants to self-certify their eligibility coupled with states’ difficulties implementing new UI programs and meeting the substantial increase in claims volume.
• In September 2023, we reported ETA and states did not always meet the requirements or statutory intent of the TFFF program. Specifically, individual claimants waited to receive urgently needed UI benefits, states received TFFF funding when they were not eligible, and states’ TFFF accounts have unused fund balances. As of July 31, 2023, nearly $5 billion remained unused and has not been reconciled, closed out for deobligation, and returned to Treasury. These issues occurred because ETA did not have sufficient controls in place to ensure states accessing funds were in fact eligible for reimbursements or that unused TFFF funds were returned to the federal government.
• In September 2023, we reported that ETA did not evaluate the capability of SWAs’ UI IT systems to successfully administer UI benefits. Further, ETA did not have sufficient information to know which SWAs’ UI IT systems posed the greatest risk of failing because they did not require SWAs to develop UI IT modernization plans. Only 1 of the 10 SWAs we reviewed had developed or implemented UI IT modernization plans that improved the timeliness or accuracy of UI benefits processing. Similarly, of the 38 SWAs we surveyed, only 14 reported that they had implemented such plans. Ensuring SWAs have these plans in place and are actively pursuing implementation would be a strong step toward ETA ensuring SWAs improve administration of benefits, particularly during a future crisis.
• In September 2023, we reported on our Quality Control Review (QCR) of the single audit performed by Scott and Company, LLC for 2021 for one state. Our review focused on the state’s $3.67 billion in UI expenditures. We found deficiencies in the firm’s: planning and testing of UI, reporting on the lack of internal controls in the PUA program and reporting the federal expenditures.
• In November 2023, for the third consecutive year, we issued the Department a qualified opinion on its consolidated financial statements and reported one material weakness related to pandemic-related UI funding. There were two primary causes for this issue: (1) the Department was unable to support its estimates of $7.5 billion and $7.9 billion in remaining obligations for pandemic-related UI programs as of September 30, 2023, and 2022, respectively, and (2) the Department was unable to support its estimates of $3.4 billion and $2.2 billion in remaining pandemic-related UI benefit overpayment receivables.
• In March 2024, we reported on our QCR of the single audit performed by Moss Adams LLP of the State of New Mexico Workforce Solutions Department. Our review focused on the grantees’ $459.6 million in UI and employment service expenditures. We found deficiencies in how the grant recipient reported non-UI programs and expenditures in the Schedule of Federal Awards UI total.
• In May 2024, we reported that, for the third consecutive year, DOL did not meet the requirements for compliance with PIIA for FY 2023. While DOL met five of the six compliance requirements for UI excluding PUA, it did not meet the requirement to report an improper payment rate of less than 10 percent. For PUA, we reported DOL did not meet three of the six compliance requirements for the PUA program: it did not publish improper payment estimates that included outlays beyond expiration of the program, reduction targets, or an improper payment rate less than 10 percent.
• In June 2024, we reported on our QCR of the single audit performed by Brady, Martz & Associates, P.C. of Job Service North Dakota. Our review focused on the grantees’ $78.6 million in UI and employment service expenditures. We found deficiencies in how the firm reported the threshold used to determine the major programs to be audited.
• In June 2024, we reported that ETA’s oversight of Short-Time Compensation (STC) programs failed to prevent seven states from drawing down $129.6 million in questioned costs. This included $28.1 million in excessive reimbursements by six states, with one of those states drawing an additional $100.1 million without verifying claimants’ eligibility. Another state drew down $1.4 million without providing records to support its STC payments and drawdowns. These issues went undetected because ETA did not adequately assess risks or establish effective monitoring controls, relying solely on claims and payment activity reports, which were insufficient to detect the noncompliance issues.
• In September 2024, we reported that ETA failed to ensure states effectively implemented the Mixed Earners Unemployment Compensation (MEUC) program. Although six SWAs generally met program requirements, ETA did not ensure SWAs sufficiently implemented the MEUC program. Specifically, MEUC benefit payments were significantly delayed, there was low participation in the program, and benefits did not reach a large population. Delays and underutilization were due to limited preparation time, competing priorities, staffing shortages, IT constraints, and insufficient information on mixed earners, potentially hindering future emergency responses.
• In November 2024, we reported that while ETA took steps to support states’ staffing for implementing pandemic-related UI programs, additional actions were needed to ensure adequate staffing levels for timely benefit delivery. ETA provided funding for staffing improvements but did not measure the impact or adequacy of increased staffing, delayed issuing monitoring guidance until October 2020, did not recommend corrective actions for staffing issues, and reassigned Benefit Accuracy Measurement staff without evaluating the impact on improper payment monitoring. These deficiencies resulted from ETA deprioritizing staffing oversight, delaying guidance, classifying staffing as a concern rather than a compliance issue, and prioritizing claims processing over payment accuracy.
• In November 2024, for the fourth consecutive year, we issued the Department a qualified opinion on its consolidated financial statements and reported one material weakness related to the UI program. Three primary causes contributed to this issue: (1) the Department could not properly support $7.0 billion in remaining obligations for pandemic-related UI programs due to the weak validation of methodology and assumptions; (2) the Department’s estimation process lacked reliable data, and review controls were ineffective, affecting the accuracy of reported receivables and allowances; and (3) although a reconciliation control was implemented, it was not precise enough, initially resulting in a $176 million reporting discrepancy, which was later corrected.
• In December 2024, we reported that data sharing between the ETA and the Small Business Administration could help mitigate fraud in the UI and Economic Injury Disaster Loan programs. A joint analysis by the DOL and Small Business Administration OIGs revealed that data matching identified over $1.3 billion in potentially fraudulent UI and Economic Injury Disaster Loan payments and over $2.25 billion in potentially fraudulent Economic Injury Disaster Loan disbursements. During the pandemic, no data sharing mechanism existed between ETA and the Small Business Administration to detect fraud across both programs. Establishing such mechanisms could have enabled more robust applicant reviews, reducing fraudulent payments and protecting public trust in the programs.

OIG RECOMMENDATIONS

In order to address some of these challenges, the OIG has identified several high-priority recommendations previously noted in prior congressional testimony and in our recent Semiannual Reports to Congress. We continue to make the following recommendations to Congress:

• Immediately extend the statute of limitations for fraud involving pandemic related UI programs;
• Ensure DOL and the OIG have ongoing, timely, and complete access to UI claimant data and wage records; and
• Ensure effective payment integrity controls to reduce improper payments in the UI program including temporary UI programs, such as broader requirements for mandatory cross-matching.

The OIG has made additional recommendations to DOL and Congress to improve the efficiency and integrity of the UI program. Summaries of key open recommendations are provided below.

Recommendations to DOL

OIG Access to UI Claimant Data and Wage Records

• Implement immediate measures to ensure ongoing OIG access to UI claims data for all audit and investigative purposes
• Expedite regulatory updates to require ongoing disclosures of UI information to the OIG for audits and investigations of federal programs

Controls for Improper Payments

• Obtain direct access to UI claims data from all SWAs
• Create an integrity program that:
  • incorporates a data analytics capability and
  • regularly monitors state UI claims data to detect and prevent improper payments, including fraud, and to identify trends and emerging issues that could negatively impact the UI program
• Establish effective controls, in collaboration with SWAs, to mitigate fraud and other improper payments to potentially ineligible claimants in high-risk areas, such as UI benefits paid to individuals with Social Security numbers filed in multiple stats and belonging to deceased persons
• For DOL financial statements, design and implement controls to ensure management's reviews of UI program estimates are performed at a sufficient level of detail and adequate documentation is maintained to assess the reasonableness of the estimates

Reconciliation

• Develop procedures and establish a deadline to ensure reconciliation to determine the amount of unused emergency UI funds to be returned to Treasury
• Determine the proper disposition of excess funds and take necessary actions, including recovery of questioned costs
• Capture lessons learned for future programs

Staffing and Systems for Prompt Payments during Emergencies

• Continue to work with states to develop, operate, and maintain a modular set of technological capabilities (i.e., staffing and replacing legacy IT systems) to modernize the delivery of UI benefits that is sufficient to manage and process sudden spikes in claims volume during emergencies or high unemployment

Guidance and Assistance to States

• Assist states with claims, overpayment, and fraud reporting to create clear and accurate information, and then use the overpayment and fraud reporting to prioritize and assist states with fraud detection and recovery
• Examine the effectiveness of the Benefit Accuracy Measurement system contact verification process to ensure it reflects the current methods claimants use to seek work
• Specify within ETA’s policy the information states must include in their documentation to support compliance with the requirements to receive grant funds prior to disbursement of the funds

Coordination with Congress

• Work with Congress to establish legislation requiring SWAs to cross-match high-risk areas, such as UI benefits paid to individuals with Social Security numbers filed in multiple states and belonging to deceased persons
• Perform an assessment of previous emergency UI programs and the pandemic-related UI programs to determine an appropriate historically based time limit for states’ acceptance of emergency program benefit claims after the expiration of the UI programs’ eligibility periods and consider making a legislative proposal to Congress to use the determined time limit on future emergency programs.

Recommendations to Congress

In addition, the OIG encourages Congress to consider and adopt DOL proposals to aid the Department’s efforts to combat improper payments in the UI program. In its FY 2025 Congressional Budget Justification, the Department proposed provisions designed to provide new and expanded tools and controls for states to help ensure workers are properly paid and to prevent improper payments, including fraud in the UI system.

The Department stated that the proposals collectively would result in savings of more than $3 billion over the 10-year budget window. These are similar to DOL proposals included in prior DOL budget requests that would help address UI program integrity and the high improper payment rates in the UI program. These proposals include the following:

• require SWAs to cross-match UI claims against the National Directory of New Hires;
• require SWAs to cross-match UI claims with a system(s)…that contains information on individuals who are incarcerated;
• require states to disclose information to the OIG;
• allow SWAs to retain up to 5 percent of recovered fraudulent UI overpayments for program integrity use;
• require SWAs to use [UI] penalty and interest collections solely for UI administration; and
• pass legislation clearly stating the Department's authority to collect and store states’ UI claimant data.

These legislative proposals are consistent with previous OIG findings and recommendations to improve the UI program. To maintain UI program integrity, the OIG has recommended establishing legislation that requires SWAs to cross-match high-risk areas, such as UI benefits paid to individuals with Social Security numbers filed in multiple states and belonging to deceased persons.

DOL’S PROGRESS

The Department has emphasized the progress it has made in addressing challenges with the UI program. For example, on August 31, 2021, the Department established the Office of Unemployment Insurance Modernization to work with state agencies and federal partners to modernize and reform the UI system. According to the Department, the Office of Unemployment Insurance Modernization will provide oversight and management of the $1 billion allotted to UI initiatives by the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. These initiatives aim to prevent and detect fraud, promote equitable access, ensure timely benefits payments, and reduce backlogs. To achieve this, ETA, in coordination with the Office of Unemployment Insurance Modernization, has awarded targeted grants to states and territories, offered improved guidance, directed assistance, and tested technology-driven solutions.

To this end, in April 2024, the Department reported that it had awarded $783 million in grants to 52 states. This included, but was not limited to, $226 million in fraud prevention grants to 51 states and territories, $219 million in equity grants to 45 states and the District of Columbia, $113 million in Tiger Teams funding and assistance to 36 states, and $204 million in IT modernization grants to 19 states.

Furthermore, ETA continued to provide oversight and technical assistance through State Quality Service Plans, the FY 2023 Unemployment Insurance Integrity Strategic Plan, and through information provided by the OIG. Additionally, in response to a Government Accountability Office recommendation, ETA worked with the Office of the Chief Financial Officer to develop a UI fraud risk profile in line with the Government Accountability Office’s Fraud Risk Framework. Also, in response to a Government Accountability Office recommendation, the Department published a plan to transform the UI program. According to the Department, this plan represents a more complete account of activities and strategies underway and being pursued by the Department—along with recommendations for necessary legislative action.

The plan is structured around the Department’s key action areas:

• adequately funding UI administration,
• delivering high-quality customer service,
• building resilient and responsive state IT systems,
• building resilient and responsive state IT systems,
• bolstering state UI programs against fraud,
• ensuring equitable access to robust benefits and services,
• rebuilding and stabilizing the long-term funding of state UI benefits, and
• strengthening reemployment and connections to suitable work.

Finally, as part of efforts to bolster state UI programs against fraud, the Department also made available a nation-wide tool for states to strengthen identity verification. According to ETA, states cannot rely solely on an identity verification service or a single fraud prevention solution to detect complex, evolving fraud threats. The Department is supporting states through antifraud strategies like the UI Integrity Center, which offers program integrity resources. In October 2021, the Department enabled state access to the Social Security Administration’s Prisoner Update Processing System via the Interstate Connection Network to help flag UI claims by incarcerated individuals. Thirty-seven states are either connected or establishing a connection to the Prisoner Update Processing System. Additionally, ETA partnered with the U.S. Treasury’s Bureau of the Fiscal Service to provide states access to the Do Not Pay system, a resource that provides access to data sources and services to support eligibility determinations and analytics services for agencies.

ETA also announced its intent to amend its regulations to facilitate the OIG’s ongoing access to state claims and wage data, and it anticipates a notice of proposed rulemaking by May 2025. In July 2023, ETA published a request for information on potential revisions that would require states to disclose unemployment compensation data to the OIG for oversight activities, including audits. Currently, ETA is using the responses to draft the updated regulations. In the interim, ETA has required sharing of state UI data as a condition of the fraud prevention grants to provide such access through 2025, and recently issued guidance supporting additional grants that would provide access for potentially the next 2 to 5 years. The Inspector General is authorized to have timely access to this data without constraints under the Inspector General Act of 1978, as amended, and needs access to all UI program data to fulfill its mission.

OIG Challenges Overseeing the UI Program

The OIG’s challenges overseeing the UI program are in the areas the expriation of the statute of limitations related to UI fraud and data access.

Time Is Running Out for Congress to Extend the Statute of Limitations on Pandemic-Related Unemployment Insurance Fraud

We are extremely concerned that, unless Congress acts urgently to extend the criminal statute of limitations for fraud associated with pandemic-related UI programs, many groups and individuals who have defrauded the UI program may escape justice. As it stands, the statute of limitations for many pandemic-related UI fraud cases has begun to expire, as the statutes most often used to prosecute UI fraud have five-year limitations. This is the final Semiannual Report to Congress in which we plan to highlight this issue before the statute of limitations significantly impairs our ability to pursue justice in these cases.

During the pandemic, the OIG was responsible for investigating an exceptional volume of complex pandemic-related UI fraud cases that increased a thousandfold compared to pre-pandemic levels. Since April 2020, the OIG has opened more than 209,000 investigative matters involving the UI program. We continue to receive up to 100 new UI fraud complaints each week. Notwithstanding the OIG’s tireless efforts, a failure to extend the current statute of limitations associated with UI fraud means federal law enforcement will have to stop short of fully investigating and prosecuting some of the most egregious cases of UI fraud.

Furthermore, the pandemic-related UI fraud referrals we receive often include complex schemes involving criminal enterprises and bad actors who use sophisticated techniques to maintain anonymity. These investigations require significant resources and time. Supplemental pandemic funding from Congress allowed the OIG to hire more criminal investigators and significantly expand the number of staff reviewing UI fraud matters. As a result, the OIG has secured more than 2,000 indictments or initial charges, 1,500 convictions, 39,000 months of incarceration, and $1.1 billion in investigative monetary outcomes associated with UI fraud since April 2020. These resources also supported the issuance of 58 audit reports, which included 169 recommendations for corrective action by DOL. In addition, the OIG identified more than $75 billion in funds for better use and $407 million in questioned costs related to DOL’s pandemic-related programs and operations (see Table 2).

Audit Reports	58
Recommendations	169
Funds Identified for Better Use	$75 billion+
Questioned Costs	$407 million+
Indictments/Initial Charges	2,000+
Convictions	1,500+
Months of Incarceration Ordered	39,000+
Investigative Monetary Results	$1.1 billion+

The OIG remains committed to investigating open pandemic-related UI fraud matters for as long as the statute of limitations allows. However, the exhaustion of supplemental funding and other budget limitations have forced the OIG to reduce staffing to well below pre-pandemic levels. That, combined with the ongoing expiration of the statute of limitations, has caused the OIG to begin pivoting away from opening new pandemic UI fraud investigations. As a result, we have significantly curtailed the opening of any new pandemic UI fraud investigations. Furthermore, we will continue the pause we implemented in FY 2024 in reviewing the approximately 150,000 open pandemic UI fraud complaints we currently have awaiting review.

In August 2022, an extension of the statute of limitations was implemented for crimes involving the U.S. Small Business Administration’s Paycheck Protection Program and Economic Injury Disaster Loan program. Congress should likewise consider immediately extending the statute of limitations for existing laws in cases where pandemic-related UI programs have been defrauded. The expansion of the statute of limitations would provide investigators and prosecutors with the time to pursue and hold accountable those who defrauded the UI program and victimized the American people during the pandemic.

Providing the OIG Access to UI Claimant Data and Wage Records

Barriers to the OIG’s ongoing, timely, and complete access to UI claimant data and wage records from SWAs remains a significant concern. This situation adversely impacts the OIG’s ability to provide independent oversight to combat fraud, waste, and abuse, and to otherwise help DOL improve the integrity of the UI program. The primary barrier to such access is from DOL’s interpretation of its own regulations, including a historical view that such access be restricted to specific suspected instances of fraud. This interpretation and subsequent guidance to SWAs contradicts the Inspector General Act of 1978, as amended, which authorizes mandatory Inspector General access to information available to DOL, including grant recipient information related to DOL programs such as SWAs’ UI data. DOL has taken steps to ensure temporary access and is engaged in rulemaking.

However, in our September 2022 alert memorandum, the OIG highlighted DOL’s authority to amend its interpretation of its regulations without changing the regulations themselves. Specifically, ETA can issue guidance to inform SWAs they must timely provide UI data and wage records without any constraints to the OIG for audits and investigations consistent with the Inspector General Act of 1978, as amended. The historic levels of improper payments the OIG has identified, including potential fraud, support the conclusion that the OIG’s continued access to state UI data is imperative.

While DOL is in the process of amending the regulations to facilitate the OIG’s ongoing access to UI data and wage records, the OIG is authorized and needs to have timely access to this data and these records without constraints. Ongoing, timely, and complete access to SWA UI claimant data and wage records further enables the OIG to quickly identify large-scale fraud and expand its current efforts to share emerging fraud trends with ETA and states to strengthen the UI program and deter fraud.

In March 2025, the White House released Executive Order 14243 entitled “Stopping Waste, Fraud, and Abuse by Eliminating Information Silos.” The Executive Order requires agency heads to ensure the federal government has unfettered access to comprehensive data from all state programs that receive federal funding, including, as appropriate, data generated by those programs but maintained in third-party databases. Furthermore, the Executive Order requires the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary’s designees to receive “…unfettered access to all unemployment data and related payment records, including all such data and records currently available to the Department of Labor’s Office of Inspector General.” In alignment with the intent of this Executive Order, DOL should collect ongoing state UI records directly from SWAs moving forward, in which case the OIG will obtain the data directly from ETA.

OIG ONGOING AND PLANNED WORK

The OIG’s efforts to strengthen and protect the UI program continue. In addition to working with our law enforcement partners to combat fraud in the program, we will be issuing additional audit reports covering critical areas of concern and opportunities for improvement in the UI program. Planned and in-progress³⁹ audit work includes:

• DOL and States’ efforts to Detect and Recover improper Payments;*
• ETA and States’ Efforts to Address:
  • Multistate UI Claimants;*
  • UI Claimants Filing with Social Security Numbers of Deceased Persons;*
  • UI Claimants Filing with Social Security Numbers of Federal Prisoners;* and
  • UI Claimants Filing with Suspicious Email Accounts;*
• Impact of Waivers on UI Overpayments, Fraud Investigations, and Recoveries;*
• Pandemic-related UI Programs Results;
• Benefit Accuracy Measurement Program and Estimated Improper Payment Rates;
• ETA’s Oversight of States’ UI Trust Fundes;
• UI IT Modernization; and
• ARPA Equity Grants*

For more information about the OIG's work, please visit our Pandemic Response Portal.

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